Border Tensions and Afghan Relations: A Complex History of Conflict and Cooperation The relationship between Pakistan and Afghanistan has always been complex — marked by shared history, cultural ties, and recurring political and border tensions. Despite being neighbors bound by religion, geography, and trade, the two nations have struggled to maintain lasting stability. The issue…

Digital Transformation and Institutional Reforms In the 21st century, the world is witnessing a revolutionary shift known as digital transformation — the integration of digital technology into every aspect of governance, economy, and society. This transformation is closely linked to institutional reforms, which aim to modernize public institutions, enhance efficiency, and promote transparency. Together, they…